Introduction
This annotated bibliography represents a broad-based and balanced compendium of scientific research articles that address harvest practices and their impacts on forests, fish, wildlife, soils and water resources. Sources of the literature search included, but were not limited to, The University of Missouri Library, OVID, Internet web sites, The School of Natural Resources (SNR) faculty, The United States Forest Service North Central Research Station in Columbia, MO, SNR theses and dissertations, personal communications with professionals in the natural resources field, communication with various state, federal, and university personnel in those states where chip mills are located.

Rather than an annotation which is usually shorter in length, we have opted to present a full abstract for each article. An abstract is more useful because it outlines the scope of the work and the major findings of the research.

This bibliography contains scientific information that we deemed reputable and relevant to Missouri's forest habitat types. It is by no means a complete bibliography. Rather, it should be viewed as a work in progress. As study reports and articles on chip mills become available they can and should be entered into the database. In the interests of time, and due to manpower constraints, we limited our search to those states listed in the project agreement under "Scope of Work". There were some articles that we requested through a particular referral source but did not receive them. Newspaper articles and unsubstantiated commentary that were not peer reviewed by professionals in the field of natural resources were not included. In some cases research was not included if a complete citation was not given. One can oftentimes complement their literature search by checking the literature cited at the end of the research article for more articles dealing with the specific topic of interest.

Bibliography layout
At the beginning of the bibliography there is a table of contents. Within the table of contents, the basis for the organization of the research literature revolved around two points; one was the category of potential environmental impacts as listed in the Governor's Executive Order 98-16. The other was a natural division or categorization of literature that surfaced as we conducted our search. These subdivisions of information are listed in alphabetical order. Within each of the subdivisions will be found research articles and other scientifically reputable information along with the citation and annotation for each. In addition, there is a 3.25-inch, 2MB computer diskette located in a pocket located inside the front cover of the bibliographic report. This computer diskette contains a complete listing of the database. This database was completed using Corel's WordPerfect 8.0. Using edit functions within WordPerfect one can do a search for keywords. Along with the bibliography report we have included a copy of each research article, report, and bulletin. These articles are arranged in alphabetical order according to the name of the lead author.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) 1

CHIP MILLS 3

CURRENT / ONGOING RESEARCH 6

EROSION 8

HISTORY AND ECOLOGY 12

INVENTORY and SURVEY 17

MARKETS / ECONOMICS 28

PUBLIC / SOCIAL ATTITUDES 33

RECREATION and TOURISM 41

SILVICULTURE and HARVEST PRACTICES 42

SOIL AND NUTRIENTS 62

STREAM SEDIMENTATION AND WATER QUALITY 71

WILDLIFE HABITAT 79

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI THESES 90
Forestry Department Theses 90
Fisheries and Wildlife Department Theses 101

Authors: W. Dustin Walter, Graduate Research Assistant and John P. Dwyer, Associate Professor, University of Missouri, Forestry Department, The School of Natural Resources, 203 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources, Building, Columbia, MO 65211.

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs)

Adams, T.O., and D.D. Hook. 1994. Compliance with silvicultural best management practices on harvested sites in South Carolina. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 18(4): 163-167.

ABSTRACT: One-hundred-seventy-seven harvested sites in South Carolina were evaluated for compliance with Best Management Practices (BMPs). South Carolina Forestry Commission (SCFC) foresters evaluated the roads, road stream crossings, streamside management zones, harvest operations, and log decks. In addition, each site was evaluated for overall BMP compliance, which was based on the level of both off-site and on-site impacts. Overall BMP compliance was 84.7%. Compliance was highest for log decks (97.7%), roads (92.0%), and harvest operations (89.8%) and lowest for streamside management zones (72.4%) and road stream crossings (41.7%). Nineteen variables were analyzed to determine their influence on BMP compliance. Two variables were responsible for the 27sites with inadequate ratings: (1) the presence of perennial and intermittent streams, and (2) logging under wet soil conditions. Compliance did not differ significantly among landowner categories or physiographic regions. To improve BMP compliance, landowners should identify sensitive sites and take adequate steps to protect them during timber harvesting.

Keywords: Best Management Practices (BMPs), streamside, stream crossing, road, landowner, South Carolina, harvest operations

Henson, Mickey. 1995. Forest practice guidelines and Best Management Practices implementation and effectiveness survey on timber operations in North Carolina. North Carolina Division of Forest Resources Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina. August, 1995. 22p.

ABSTRACT: Assesses North Carolina's compliance with forestry BMPs, including compliance in the areas of roads, buffer strips, skid trails and water bars.
Based upon findings in this study, compliance with North Carolina's forestry BMPs and FPGs can be increased and improved in the following ways:
1. BMP workshops, such as the Prologger workshops given by the North Carolina Forestry Association (NCFA) and this division, should continue and possibly increase in frequency.
2. Education should focus on pre-harvest planning and how to avoid sensitive areas on harvest sites. Also, the use of correctly installed water bars and adequate SMZs should be strongly stressed expressed to loggers and timber buyers.
3. A statewide database should be created to better monitor the level of forestry BMP compliance.
Keywords: Best Management Practices (BMP), North Carolina, roads, buffer strips, trails.

Kochenderfer, J.N., P.J. Edwards, and F. Wood. 1997. Hydrologic impacts of logging an Appalachian watershed using West Virginia's Best Management Practices. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 14(4): 207-218.

ABSTRACT: A 39 ha gauged watershed located in north-central West Virginia near Parsons was cut to a 35.5cm stump diameter and logged using wheeled skidders to evaluate the effectiveness of West Virginia's Best Management Practices (BMPs). Roads initially occupied 10.6% of the watershed, but this percentage is decreasing as much of the original road prism reverts to forest. Reducing basal area by 44% in stems 2.54 cm dbh and larger had a negligible effect on maximum growing season stream temperatures, apparently because the stream remained shaded by residual trees and understory shrubs growing along it. Both growing season peakflows and total stormflow had small but significant increases due to treatment. Dormant season stormflow did not increase significantly. Although mean monthly exports of suspended sediment doubled the first year when the area was being logged, they remained within the range reported for carefully managed areas in the East. Sediment exports returned to pretreatment levels by the third post treatment year. Long-term projections of current exports rates indicate that sediment exports from harvesting operations (3 entries) during a 100 yr rotation will account for less than 5% of the total sediment exported from the study watershed. Nitrate exports increased significantly during most of the monitored post treatment years, but fertilizer applied to the roads during grass seeding is believed to have contributed to these increases. Actual concentration values remained low, with maximum concentrations well below standards for potable water. Calcium concentrations also increased during most years, but road liming during seeding probably was responsible for most of this increase. The BMPs used in this study were effective in minimizing adverse impacts to soil and water resources.

Keywords: Best Management Practices, BMPs, logging roads, stream, watershed.

CHIP MILLS

Gray, J., and J. Guldin. 1997. Hardwood chip export mills in Arkansas - implications for sustainability. Paper presented at the Symposium on Arkansas Forests - a conference on the results of the recent Forest Survey of Arkansas. May 30-31, North Little Rock, AR.

ABSTRACT: Two new hardwood chip export mills (HCEM's) recently began operating in west-central Arkansas, and a third is planned. Together, they will require 1.1 million tons of non-hickory hardwood roundwood annually, primarily from the nonindustrial private sector. Overall, total physical and operable growth surpluses could support the new sector, but purchasable surpluses are barely adequate now and may be less than adequate by 2005. The HCEM's will generate about 630 direct and indirect jobs and $16.75 million in yearly wages and stumpage payments. However, if all of the new demand is met by unsightly harvesting methods, tourism related job losses after 15 years could offset HCEM-generated employment. Because HCEM's will increase competition for hardwood, some small sawmills may go out of business, although the turnover of small sawmills was high even before HCEM's entered the market. The HCEM market for small hardwoods is less than ideal, but these mills can process "rough" and "rotten" trees. HCEM harvesting is generally not good forestry; to date, it has tended to take the best trees and leave the worst. This could improve if landowners were better informed and willing to reinvest following harvest. The effects of HCEM's on Arkansas hardwood forests as a whole are not expected to be great. Although protection of soils and water quality has been inconsistent, the new sector appears to be committed to provide such protection on lands they harvest. The authors present six recommendations designed to promote a positive effect of new sector operations on the sustainability of timber resources and other forest values.

Keywords: hardwood chip export mills, roundwood, sustainability, forest values, Arkansas, jobs, tourism.

Smith, D. 1997. Chipping forest and jobs: A report on the economic and environmental impacts of chip mills in the Southeast. The Dogwood Alliance, P.O. Box 4193, Chattanooga, Tennessee. 82p.

ABSTRACT: The recent proliferation of chip mills in the southeastern U.S. is causing unprecedented forest destruction, degrading not only water quality, wildlife threatened and endangered species and forest health, but also our local economies. Last year alone, an estimated 1.2 million acres were cleared to feed the 140 chip mills in the region. Chip mill operations perpetuate short cutting cycles, thereby reducing native forest ecosystems to fiber farms. Removals of softwoods throughout the South have already exceeded growth, and experts predict a shortage of hardwoods within the next two to ten years. In addition, experts predict that by the year 2020, 70% of the native pine forests in the South will have been converted to pine plantations to meet increases in industry demand for softwood fiber.
This report published by the Dogwood Alliance and the Native Forest Network documents the trends in forestry, with special focus on the pulp and paper industry. They present many impacts which chip mills potentially will have on the environment, communities, forestry and related jobs, as well as effects on private landowners. Also presented are their solutions to the chip mill problem.

Keywords: chip mills, economics, community, forest, South, fiber, softwoods, industry.

Tennessee Valley Authority. 1993. Final environmental impact statement chip mill terminals on the Tennessee River. Volume 1. Knoxville, TN. 408p.

Tennessee Valley Authority. 1993. Final environmental impact statement chip mill terminals on the Tennessee River. Volume 2, Appendices. Knoxville, TN. 409-910.

Tennessee Valley Authority. 1993. Final environmental impact statement chip mill terminals on the Tennessee River. Volume 3, Response to Public Comments. Knoxville, TN. 911-1270.

ABSTRACT: The environmental consequences of denying, approving, or approving with mitigation measures one or more chip mill barge terminals between river miles 412 and 424 of the Tennessee River are analyzed. The impact analysis includes both localized (on-site) and procurement area(off-site) impacts. Localized impacts are those that are directly or indirectly associated with construction and operation of a barge terminal, use of TVA land for access to the barge terminal, and use of adjacent private land for a chip mill. Procurement area impacts are associated with timber harvest. After weighing the potential benefits of the pending requests with the likelihood of substantial, cumulative localized impacts and the risk of significant harvesting-related impacts, TVA's preferred alternative is denial of all proposed actions.

Keywords: environmental consequences, chip mill, barge terminals, Tennessee, procurement, timber harvest.

Willamette Industries: Chip mill 101. http://www.wii.com/CHIPMILL.HTM

ABSTRACT: Willamette's point of view on and some questions answered about chip mills.

Keywords: chip mill, Willamette.

CURRENT / ONGOING RESEARCH

Cubbage, F.W., and D.D. Richter. 1998. Cooperative Research Proposal: Economic and ecologic impacts associated with wood chip production in North Carolina. The Southern Center For Sustainable Forests. (Unpublished; Study in progress).

OBJECTIVES: The research project will be developed as an integrated study of economic and ecologic impacts of wood chip production in North Carolina. The economic component will examine direct financial impacts and broad economic issues of wood chip production. It will employ large scale economic and timber supply models to examine:
(1) the impacts of wood chip production on timber supply;
(2) the effect of wood chip production on wood-based manufacturing firms;
(3) the effects of improved timber markets for forest landowners;
(4) the market and nonmarket impacts on economically efficient forest management practices and on forest conditions; and
(5) the impacts of wood chip production on local economies, infrastructure, and communities.
The ecologic component will evaluate the effects of expanded wood chip production on individual forest stands and regional landscapes by using literature reviews, field surveys, and models to examine:
(1) how wood chip production alters ecology of forest management practices in North Carolina;
(2) direct, indirect, and cumulative effects of wood chip production on forest structure, plant and animal communities, soil erosion and fertility, and water quality;
(3) the impacts of wood chip mills on stormwater and waste water runoff from processing facilities; and
(4) evaluating forest management options for assuring sustainability of North Carolina's forest resources as harvest pressures continue to mount, and as forest values continue to increase.

Keywords: economic, ecologic, timber supply, soil, water, stormwater, forest, North Carolina.

Tennessee Forest Management Advisory Panel. 1998. Final Report. Report to: Governor , Commissioner of Agriculture, Tennessee Forestry Commission, and Tennessee General Assembly. 66p.

ABSTRACT: The Panel was established by Senate Joint Resolution No. 230. The charge was to evaluate and recommend appropriate policy and operational programs that promote forest sustainability and sound stewardship on Tennessee forest lands. Such recommendations were to include guidelines for the management of state forest lands, and programs and services to all forest landowners. For all recommendations proposed, the Panel sought and utilized scientific and authoritative data to reach its conclusions. Suggestions are also made for funding these recommendations. Great strides were made by the Panel in balancing widely divergent resource needs by using widely diverse interest groups to develop consensus recommendations. The Panel identified an array of important issues, many being too complex to resolve in a short period of study. The recommendations of the Panel, if implemented, can be the forerunner of an ongoing process leading to the achievement of forest sustainability in Tennessee.

Keywords: sustainability, Tennessee forest lands.

EROSION

Beasley, R.S., A.B. Granillo, and V. Zillmer. 1986. Sediment losses from forest management: mechanical vs. chemical site preparation after clearcutting. Journal of Environmental Quality. 15(4): 413-416.

ABSTRACT: The comparative effects of mechanical and chemical site preparation on water yields and sediment losses following forest clearcutting were evaluated over a 4-yr period in the Athens Plateau area of southwestern Arkansas. After 1 yr of pretreatment measurements, three forested watersheds were clearcut and the residual vegetation and debris were sheared and windrowed but not burned. Three watersheds were clearcut in a similar manner, but received chemical site preparations. Residual trees on two watersheds were injected with 2-4,D amine; the third watershed was serially sprayed with a mixture of Tordon* (active ingredient; picloram [4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicoline acid]) and GarlonR (active ingredient; triclopyr [3,5,6-trichloro- 2-pyridinyloxy-acetic acid]). Three additional watersheds were left undisturbed for controls. Mean annual sediment losses on the mechanically, site prepared watersheds during the first post treatment year were significantly higher than those from either the chemically site prepared watersheds or controls. Chemical site preparation did not significantly increase sediment losses. Although 2nd yr losses for the mechanical site preparation and control treatments doubled over 1st-yr levels, so significant treatment effect was detected for either site preparation treatment. Third-year losses decreased below 1st-yr losses for all treatments but not to pretreatment year levels. The relatively sharp declines in sediment losses during the third post treatment year were attributed to rapid regrowth of natural vegetation on the sites.

Keywords: Nonpoint source pollution, erosion, water-sheds, forest hydrology.
Grace, J.M., B. Rummer, B.J. Stokes, and J. Wilhoit. 1998. Evaluation of erosion control techniques on forest roads. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 41(2): 383-391.

ABSTRACT: The cutslope and fillslope on a newly constructed forest road on the Talladega National Forest near Heflin, Alabama were treated with three erosion control techniques: wood excelsior erosion mat, native grass species, and exotic grass species. Bare soil plots were used as the experimental controls. Total sediment yield was measured during the period 21, September 1995 to 18, March 1996. A randomized complete block design was used to evaluate treatment methods on the basis of sediment yield and runoff volume. No significant difference in sediment yield was found from the fillslope among the treatments. However, on the cutslope significant differences were detected among all treatments. The erosion mat treatment was most effective in mitigating erosion losses with a 98% reduction in cutslope sediment yield and 88% reduction in fillslope sediment yield.

Keywords: Forest roads, soil erosion, conservation practices, slopes, economics.

Kochenderfer, J.N. 1970. Erosion control on logging roads in the Appalachians. Res. Pap. NE-158. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 28 p.

ABSTRACT: In the steep terrain of the Appalachian Mountains much damage to forest streams is caused by erosion on logging roads. Muddy water that is unsuitable for fish, swimming, or human consumption often can be traced to these eroding roads. This paper has been prepared to sum up what land managers know about preventing and controlling erosion on logging roads in the Appalachians.
This paper covers the process of design, construction of and maintenance of logging roads, and ends with the proper care of that road following the logging operation.

Keywords: logging roads, erosion, maintenance, seeding, construction.

Miller, E.L., R.S. Beasley, and E.R. Lawson. 1988. Forest harvest and site preparation effects on erosion and sedimentation in the Ouachita Mountains. Journal of Environmental Quality. 17(2): 219-225.

ABSTRACT: Soil erosion and sedimentation effects of three silvicultural treatments-- clearcutting, selection cutting and no disturbance (control) were compared in a replicated small watershed study conducted in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas on shallow soils derived from sandstones and shales. Clearcutting significantly increased annual sediment yields over selection and control treatments in 1981, the first year, after treatment but not in 1982 or 1983. Clearcut to control sediment yield ratios were 20:1, 6:1, and 2.6:1 in 1981, 1982, and 1983, respectively. First-year sediment losses from clearcuts averaged 237 kg ha-1. Stream channels were stable, but they still may have been the primary source of the sediment losses. Erosion following harvest and site preparation did not exceed estimates of long term soil formation rates. Long-term soil losses were projected to average 70 kg ha-l yr-1 over a 35-yr rotation period with clearcutting while control rates were projected to average 50 kg ha-' yr-1. A comparison of soil losses measured in this study with baseline rates and estimated soil loss tolerances suggests site productivity need not be threatened by silviculturally induced soil erosion. Suspended solids levels of storm flow were less than 100, 50, and 20 mg L-1 at least 99, 98, and 97 % of the time, respectively, across

treatments. Only at the 10 mg L-1 level was there a significant total suspended solids time differential in watershed stormflow between clearcut or selection cut and control treatments.

Keywords: Total suspended solids, Turbidity, Clear-cutting, Selection cutting, Ouachita.

Patric, J.H. 1976. Soil erosion in the Eastern forest. Journal of Forestry.
47(10): 671-677.

ABSTRACT: This paper provides an overview of what is known about forest soil erosion in eastern United States. By most accounts, erosion form undisturbed as well as carefully managed forest land is 0.05 to 0.10 ton/acre/year; that is less than the geologic norm (0.18 to 0.30) and far less than maximum tolerable rates for agricultural land (1 to 5 tons/acre/year). Eroded material is about equal parts of particulate and dissolved matter. Responsibly managed timber harvest causes only minor increases in forest soil erosion, usually from channels and logging roads, but irresponsible timber harvest can increase erosion of particulate matter to unacceptable levels.

Keywords: forest soil erosion, logging roads, agricultural land, geologic norm.

Patric, J.H. 1977. Soil erosion and its control in eastern woodlands. Northern Logger and Timber Processor. 25(11): 4-5, 22-23.

ABSTRACT: One of the few ideas that most people can agree upon is that woodland is our surest protection against accelerated soil erosion. People have concurred in this belief since history began but our concept of how forests protect the soil is evolving even now. A considerable part of this evolution is spanned by my career with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Three conclusions are reached:
(1) Because overland flow rarely occurs in the eastern hardwood forest, there is no mechanism to transport particulate matter across the forest floor. Eroded material, consisting equally of particulate matter and dissolved solids, originates primarily in stream channels. This material averages about 0.05 to 0.10 ton per acre per year.
(2) Tree cutting does not cause overland flow so it has only a negligible and temporary effect on soil erosion rates and on stream pollution.
(3) Logging, especially in streams, can cause erosion rates to increase greatly, but logging roads more frequently are sites of accelerated erosion.

Keywords: overland flow, eastern woodland, soil erosion, logging, streams, roads.

Patric, J.H. 1978. Harvesting effects on soil and water in the Eastern Hardwood forest. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 2(3): 66-73.

ABSTRACT: For the eastern United States, there is overwhelming evidence that neither the productivity of forest soil nor the quality of forest water are substantially lessened during or after responsibly managed harvest of wood products. Carelessness, however, damages both resources. The key is forest roads; they cause little adverse effect on soil or water given proper location, drainage, traffic control, and maintenance. The public must better understand that it bears much of the cost for these measures.

Keywords: forest roads, location, drainage, soil, water, eastern hardwood forest.

Settergren, C.D., R.M. Nugent and D.M. Smith. 1980. Factors controlling surface flow and sediment yield following clearcutting in the oak-hickory of the Missouri Ozarks. In: Proc. 3rd Cent. Hardwoods For. Conf. University of Missouri.
66-76.

ABSTRACT: Disturbance of the vegetation, protective litter layer and soil on a forested watershed during logging can lead to localized overland flow and erosion. A paired watershed study was initiated to the determine the effects of clearcutting on runoff and sediment yield in the oak-hickory type of the Missouri Ozarks. A network of 20 runoff plots was established in the logged and undisturbed portions of both watersheds to identify the source areas for surface flow and erosion. Plots were located so as to sample a range of physiographic positions. Total storm runoff and sediment yield have been inventoried for all precipitation events since March, 1979 for each plot and related through multiple regression analysis to a number of site factors. Precipitation variables included total storm volume; average storms, maximum 5 minute and maximum 30 minute intensities; and canopy throughfall. Other variables inventoried included surface soil cover, antecedent surface soil moisture and plot location with respect to slope percent, aspect and position. While data have been extremely variable between storms and between plots, runoff for the clearcut areas has averaged ten time greater than that for the undisturbed plots. Moreover, sediment yield has been as much as 100 times greater for the disturbed plots in the clearcut area. Additional research will be required to more clearly define cause-effect relationships. Although the influence of a number of storm and site related factors on the surface runoff and sediment yield processes can be easily observed in the field, and have often been empirically verified, this study has demonstrated that, under certain circumstances, the relationships between storm/site factors and runoff and sediment yield are far from straightforward.

Keywords: runoff, sediment yield, precipitation, forest disturbance, clearcutting.
HISTORY AND ECOLOGY

Beilmann, A.P., and L.G. Brenner. 1951. The recent intrusion of forests in the Ozarks. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 38: 261-282.

ABSTRACT: Scanlan (1950), in writing of American forests, says: "The lumber barons began to despoil and they did an excellent job." This statement might correctly be applied to a specific region but a lumber baron could not operate in a prairie region. Seemingly, it cannot be applied at all to the eastern and northern portions of the Ozarks. Within historic times this vast region was a prairie, or at least park-like in that the trees were widely spaced and confined to the water-courses and drainage-ways. The logging operations which are now so much a part of the industry of the Ozark region are but little more than a century old. The loggers have been, and still are, cutting the first crop of trees to mature there. In some sections any tree large enough to yield a 2 x 4 is cut; and the region will be scoured again and again for more trees of that size. However, there is evidence to show that insufficient time has elapsed to develop a mature second growth of either pine or hardwoods.
This paper gives an excellent recounting of the ecological history; including fire, human settlement, soils, and vegetation and forest coverage in the Ozarks.

Keywords: ecology, history, forest, Ozark region, vegetation, flora, fire.

Cunningham R.J., and C. Hauser. 1989. The decline of the Missouri Ozark forest between 1880 and 1920. In: Waldrop, Thomas A., ed. Proceedings of pine-hardwood mixtures: A symposium on management and ecology of the type; 1989 April 18-19; Atlanta, GA: Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-58. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 34-37.

ABSTRACT: Missouri's presettlement pine and oak-pine forest once extended over six million acres. Today the pine and oak-pine cover types occur on less than 400,000 acres. Between 1880 and 1920, some of the Nation's largest producing sawmills were operating in Missouri's Eastern Ozarks region. A historic review of this period's industrial and social activities toward the Ozark forests illustrates how an area once dominated by pine was converted to hardwoods.

Keywords: History, pine, oak, Missouri Ozarks, pine-hardwood.

Hansen, T.A., T.A. Spies, F.J. Swanson, and J.L. Ohmann. 1991. Conserving biodiversity in managed forests. BioScience 41(6): 382-392.

ABSTRACT: Consensus is emerging among ecologists that biological diversity will not be conserved effectively in natural reserves alone(Wilcove 1989). The existing reserve network is too small, major expansion is unlikely, and barriers to migration make species in reserves especially vulnerable to global climate change(Westman 1990). Therefore, Harris(1984) recommends that the reserves be complemented with a matrix of "seminatural" lands where ecological principles are used to manage both for commodity production and conservation of species diversity. The challenge now is to design and effectively manage such multipurpose landscapes (Franklin et al. 1986, Hunter 1990).
Studies of unmanaged forests teach us that natural disturbance maintains structural complexity within stands and that this complexity promotes plant and animal diversity. Attention to structural complexity is a core concept of the "new forestry" now being advocated in the coastal Northwest (Franklin 1989, Gillis 1990). Another lesson from natural forests is that old growth is only one of the common natural seral stages, and each stage provides important and/or critical habitats to some plants and animals. Finally, comparisons between natural and managed forests teach us that native species diversity is influenced by the size, distribution, edge characteristics, and dispersion of stands across landscapes. They suggest that these lessons are not unique to the Pacific Northwest.

Keywords: Biodiversity, natural disturbance, structure, ecology, landscape.

Homes, T.P., and R.A. Kramer. 1995. Economic values, ethics, and ecosystem health. Southeastern Center for Forest Economics Research, Research Triangle Park, NC. SCFER Working Paper No. 80, 25 p.

ABSTRACT: Economic valuations of changes in ecosystem health can provide quantitative information for social decisions. However, willingness to pay for ecosystem health may be motivated by an environmental ethic regarding the right thing to do. Counter preferential choices based on an environmental ethic are inconsistent with the normative basis of welfare economics. In this paper, we examine some of the characteristics of willingness to pay values elicited using the contingent valuation method. Sequential contingent willingness to pay values for different levels of protection of high-elevation spruce-fir forests in the southern Appalachian Mountains were elicited from a random sample of households along with socioeconomic and other information. An empirical analysis indicated that willingness to pay distributions and average willingness to pay did not vary with the level of protection. We discuss various factors that may explain our results including lexicographic preferences, low marginal values, lack of instrument sensitivity, or misrepresentation of the ecosystem services valued by the public. We conclude that further theoretical development of the relation between ethical motivations and economic value is warranted.

Keywords: economic, values, ethics, ecosystem health, pay, Appalachian Mountains.

Johnson. Paul S. 1992. Perspectives an the ecology, and silviculture of oak-dominated forests in the Central and Eastern States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-153. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 28 p.

ABSTRACT: Describes the historical and ecological relations between oaks, fire, and humans and reports the consequent silvicultural options and limitations in managing and sustaining oak dominated forests.

Keywords: Quercus, oak, fire, regeneration methods, savannas, old growth.

Johnson, T.G., D.P. Stratton. 1998. Historical trends of timber product output in the South. Resour. Bull. SRS-33. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Sta6on. 56 p.

ABSTRACT: Historical data of periodic canvasses of primary wood-using plants are presented for the 13 Southern States. They are Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. Cubic foot and standard volume tables are presented for production only. Production is the sum of timber harvested and used within a State, plus all roundwood exported to other U.S. States.

Keywords: Production, pulpwood, roundwood, saw logs, veneer logs.

Messina, M.G., S.H. Schoenholtz, M.W. Lowe, Z. Wang, D.K. Gunter, and A.J. Londo. 1997. Initial responses of woody vegetation, water quality, and soils to harvesting intensity in a Texas bottomland hardwood ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management. 90(2,3): 201-215.

ABSTRACT: Sustainable management of bottomland hardwood forest ecosystems requires a knowledge of responses to management impacts, including timber harvesting. The effects of clearcutting and partial cutting on woody vegetation regeneration dynamics, surface and groundwater quality, soil physical properties, and soil respiration were tested in a bottomland hardwood ecosystem in southeastern Texas, USA, through comparison with non-cut control areas. Overstory removal only slightly affected composition of woody vegetation regeneration 1 year after harvesting compared with pre-harvest composition. Initial composition in both cutting treatments appeared to be the strongest determinant of post-harvest composition, at least for the first year after harvesting. There were few significant differences in groundwater properties when harvesting treatments were compared with control areas during a 17-month period following harvest. Turbidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved O2, NH4-N, and PO4-P of stream water did not vary significantly among treatments. Slight decreases in total and macro porosity were observed in association with higher bulk densities at 0-5 cm depth in the clearcut and partial cut treatments. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values did not decline significantly with treatment intensity. No significant differences among treatments in measured soil physical properties were observed at 5- 10 cm depth. Although in situ soil respiration increased with harvest intensity, treatment had no significant effect on mineral soil respiration. In summary, most variables showed only slight response to harvesting, thereby indicating that harvesting practices can be conducted with minimal initial impacts on measured response variables.

Keywords: Wetlands; Species diversity; Soil respiration; Clearcutting; Regeneration.

Sedjo, R.A. 1992. Preserving biodiversity as a resource. Resources. Winter 1992: 26-29.

ABSTRACT: Wild plants and animals can provide natural chemicals and compounds for producing drugs and other products, information and ideas for developing synthetic chemicals and compounds, and genes for engineering plants and animals with desirable sets of traits. Despite their value, wild species are threatened by destruction of natural habitats. Because there are no property rights to wild species or the genetic resources embodied in them, habitat protection tends to be undervalued, particularly in developing countries. However, contractual arrangements that allow these countries to trade the right to collection of their wild genetic resources in return for compensation could foster habitat protection in the absence of such property rights.

Keywords: biodiversity, property rights, habitat.

Starkey, Dale A. 1993. Crown health of overstory hardwoods. In: Baker, James B., ed. Proceedings of the Symposium on Ecosystem Management Research in the Ouachita Mountains: Pretreatment and Preliminary Findings, Hot Springs, AR, October 26-27, 1993. 172-181.

ABSTRACT: Monitoring the health of reserve hardwood trees is being performed as part of the Ecosystem Management Research Project for shortleaf pine-oak forest types on the Ouachita and Ozark National Forests in Arkansas. Results will provide information about the success of retaining such trees and to provide guidelines for selecting reserve trees in future operational harvests. Reserve trees are mostly 10 to 12 inch d.b.h. codominant and intermediate oaks. A suite of crown measurements (diameter, live crown ratio, density, dieback, and foliage transparency) is being used to detect significant changes in reserve tree health over time. Average ratings for these indicators before harvest appear to be within normal ranges for each species. Immediately after harvest, 16 to 62 percent of reserve trees had logging injury to the base, crown, or both. Injury frequency generally increased with the intensity of harvest cutting. Most injury was judged slight or moderate in severity.

Keywords: injury, harvest intensity, health, crown, oak, shortleaf pine.

Yarnell, S.L. 1998. The Southern Appalachians: a history of the landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-18. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 45 p.

ABSTRACT: Natural and geological processes have changed the Southern Appalachian landscape repeatedly over millions of years. About 12,000 years ago, humans arrived and became important agents of change. The extent and degree of human influence increased along with the population. Today, pressure remains intense on the Southern Appalachian landscape and management issues bring contention as different groups seek to use the region's resources in different ways.

Keywords: Agriculture, environmental history, lumber industry, mining, prehistory, Southern Appalachian, tourism.
INVENTORY and SURVEY

Abt, R.C., F.W. Cubbage, G. Pacheco. 1995. The timber supply situation in the Southeast: Implications for intensive management. In: Proceedings, 23rd Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. June 20-22, 1995. Asheville, NC. 1-6.

ABSTRACT: For as long as we have been collecting inventory information, the southern timber inventory has been increasing. In the last decade, however, softwood removals in the South have exceeded growth. If current trends continue, hardwood removals will exceed growth in about a decade. If availability and operability constraints are considered, the supply situation looks even more serious. These structural changes in the supply situation, coupled with increasing demand on the resource have led to dramatic price increases. This paper analyzes past trends and assesses the future supply and price situation for the South. The potential effect of intensive management on both regional supply and wood cost will also be examined.

Keywords: timber supply, markets, prices, inventory.

American Forest and Paper Association. Forest and Paper Industry state economic impact statements. http://www.afandpa.org/Congressional/eis/index.html.

ABSTRACT: America's forest and paper industry ranges from state-of-the-art paper mills to small family-owned saw mills and some 9 million individual woodlot owners. As a whole, the industry ranks among the top 10 manufacturing employers in 46 states, employs some 1.6 million people, and produces wood and paper products valued at more than $230 billion each year. America's forest products industry is also among the most competitive in the world, with annual exports totaling over $23 billion. Included in this file are the overview reports of the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, North and South Carolina, and Tennessee. For each state figures based on the contribution of forest products to the employment, income, value, capital expenditures, number of mills and related businesses, production, and timberland ownership are presented.

Keywords: forest and paper industry, family owned saw mills, South, forest products.

Beltz, R.C. 1991. Forest survey results for higher grade hardwood sawtimber. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. In: Proceedings of 19th annual hardwood symposium of the Hardwood Research Council: facing uncertain futures and changing rules in the 1990's; 1991 March 10-12; Starkville, MS. Memphis, TN; Hardwood Research Council: 135-145.

ABSTRACT: The 1987 Forest Survey of Mississippi shows a slight increase in forest area and a substantial gain in hardwood inventory. Hardwood gains, appearing in all diameter classes, suggest an increase in quality but hardwood users generally believe quality is declining. By our analysis, volume of top quality hardwood declined while volume in other grades increased. Forest Survey grading is conservative when compared with grades assigned by a hardwood specialist. User constraints applied to the survey data base severely limit the amount of "available" quality hardwood. Forest Survey data are available so users can conduct their own analyses.

KEYWORDS: forest survey, Mississippi, hardwood, grade.

Constance, D.H. and J.S. Rikoon. 1997. Missouri citizens' attitudes towards forest resources: Comparative and present perspectives. Executive Summary Presented to: The Forestry Division, Missouri Department of Conservation. Department of Rural Sociology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources. University of Missouri - Columbia. 46p.

ABSTRACT: The Forestry Division of the Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) contracted with the Department of Rural Sociology in the College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources at the University of Missouri-Columbia to conduct and analyze a survey of Missouri residents regarding a number of forest land use and conservation knowledge issues. This project is a replication of a 1993 study called the "Benchmark Survey" done by MDC. As in 1993, the survey instrument dealt with a number of forest use and management issues as well as several questions related to Missouri citizens' environmental views. The survey gave respondents the opportunity to state their opinions and perceptions on such issues as the seriousness of a variety of environmental problems, the value of forests in general and government-owned forests in particular, their general knowledge of Missouri forests, and the responsibility and duties of the Forestry Division of MDC. The 1996 survey contains some slight modifications of the 1993 instrument which are noted in the final report.
A summary of respondents perceptions of Missouri forest and forestry practices.

Keywords: MDC, Missouri forest, survey, environmental views.

Dubois, M.R., W.F. Watson, and B.J. Stokes. 1992. Utilization of southern hardwood logs for chips by species and size. In: Proceedings of the 1992 Tappi Pulping Conference; 1992 November 1-5; Boston, MA. Atlanta, GA: Tappi Press. Book 1: 369-374.

ABSTRACT: Results of a woodyard study in northeast Mississippi examining the effects of log size add hardwood tree species on log utilization and chip quality are presented. Utilizations defined as weight of a debarked log divided by the weight of the undebarked log expressed as a percent. Utilization averaged 85.2 percent for oaks, 79.2 percent for sweetgum, 85.0 percent for mixed species, and 75.1 percent for hickories. Differences in utilization within a species is attributed to log size and log breakage during debarking. In the chip quality analysis, the highest percentage of acceptable sized chips were associated with the 22.9 cm log diameter class rather than with the larger 27.9 cm diameter class for the oak and mixed species groups. For sweetgums, levels of acceptable sized chips were not significantly different between the three largest log diameter classes. Oversized chips were minimized with the 22.9 cm log diameter class for the oaks, sweetgums, and mixed species groups. Levels of fines and pin chip production varied among the log diameter classes according to species group. In hickories, the 27.9-cm log diameter produced the highest levels of acceptable sized chips and lowest levels of fines, pins, and oversized chips. Bark content for oak, sweetgum, and hickory species were all under 1 percent of the total chip sample. Bark content for the smaller diameter log, classes in the mixed species group was over 3.5 percent.

Keywords: oak, chip quality, debark, hickory, log diameter.

Feather, Dan. 1998. Increased clearcutting for woodchip production in Tennessee: Statistics, Effects, and Trends. The Center. LaFollette, TN. http://users.multipro.com/RRSOCM/ 6p.

ABSTRACT: In 1989, about 2.7 million tons of timber were cut in Tennessee to make woodchips for pulp and paper. Hardwoods comprised about 1.1 million tons of this total. This resulted in over harvesting in 17 counties statewide.
By 1996, the cutting of hardwoods for chips tripled to 3.3 million tons, due to increased demand from existing mills and from twelve new log export facilities. Total removals for woodchip production reached 5.2 million tons.
In 1997-after the date of the most recent data used within this report- three new high-capacity chip mills were located in Tennessee, or were sourcing logs from Tennessee, and are expected to keep forest consumption growing at a high rate. Over harvesting will increase.
Projecting a modest growth rate of only half that of recent years, about 6 million acres of trees (half of all Tennessee's forest land) will be needed by the year 2016. This level of clearcutting will doubtless have drastic effects on the hardwood industry. Long-term effects on the health and productivity of Tennessee's forests are unknown.

Keywords: Tennessee, clearcutting, wood chips, chip mills.

Hackett, R.L., S. Jones, and R.J. Piva. 1993. Missouri timber industry - an assessment of timber product output and use, 1991. Resour. Bull. NC-151. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 46p.

ABSTRACT: Discusses recent Missouri forest industry trends; production and receipts of saw logs; and production of charcoal, veneer logs, cooperage logs, and other products in 1991. Reports on logging residue, on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills, and on disposition of this residue.

Keywords: saw logs, charcoal, cooperage, veneer logs, roundwood, residue.

Hahn, J.T., and J.S. Spencer, Jr. 1991. Timber resource of Missouri, statistical report, 1989. Resourc. Bull. NC-119. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 123 p.

ABSTRACT: The fourth Missouri forest inventory found 14.0 million acres of forest land in 1989, of which 13.4 million acres (96 percent) is timberland. This bulletin presents highlights and statistics on area, volume, growth, removals, mortality.

Keywords: area, volume, growth, removals, mortality.

Howel, M., and R. Levins. 1998. Arkansas' timber industry-an assessment of timber product output and use, 1996. Resour. Bull. SRS-28. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 23 p.

ABSTRACT: In 1996, roundwood output from Arkansas' forests totaled 636 million cubic feet. Mill byproducts generated from primary manufacturers was 286 million cubic feet. Almost all plant residues were used primarily for fuel and fiber products. Saw logs were the leading roundwood product at 315 million cubic feet; pulpwood ranked second at 242million cubic feet; veneer logs were third at 74 million cubic feet. The number of primary processing plants was 147 in 1996. Total receipts were 661 million cubic feet.

Keywords: Pulpwood, residues, roundwood, saw logs, veneer logs, wood movement.

Johnson, T.G., A. Jenkins, and J.L. Wells. 1997. Georgia's timber industry-an assessment of timber product output and use, 1995. Resour. Bull. SRS-14. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 37 p.

ABSTRACT: In 1995, roundwood output from Georgia's forests totaled 1.3 billion cubic feet, 7 percent more than in 1992. Mill byproducts generated from primary manufacturers declined 10 percent to 474 million cubic feet. Almost all plant residues were used, primarily for fuel and fiber products. Pulpwood was the leading roundwood product at 617 million cubic feet; saw logs ranked second at 552 million cubic feet; veneer logs were third with 79 million cubic feet. The number of primary processing plants declined from 250 in 1992 to 207 in1995. Total receipts increased 6 percent to almost 1.4 billion cubic feet.

Keywords: Pulpwood, residues, roundwood, saw logs, veneer logs, wood movement.

Johnson, T.G., A. Jenkins, and L. Lowe. 1997. Kentucky's Timber industry-an assessment of timber product output and use, 1995. Resour. Bull. SRS-20. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 33 p.

ABSTRACT: In 1995, roundwood output from Kentucky's forests totaled more than 186 million cubic feet, 35 percent more than in 1996. Mill byproducts generated from primary manufacturers increased 84 percent to 110 million cubic feet. More than 94 percent of the plant residues were used primarily for fuel and fiber products. Saw logs were the leading roundwood product at 161 million cubic feet; pulpwood ranked second at 20million cubic feet. The number of primary processing plants declined from 435 in 1986 to 401 in 1995. Total receipts increased 43 percent to almost 212 million cubic feet.

Keywords: Pulpwood, residues, roundwood, saw logs, veneer logs, wood movement.

Johnson, T.G., A. Jenkins, and D.R. Brown. 1997. North Carolina's timber industry - an assessment of timber product output and use, 1995. Resour. Bull. SRS-18. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 35 p.

ABSTRACT: In 1995, roundwood output from North Carolina's forests totaled 833 million cubic feet, 2 percent less than in 1994. Mill byproducts generated from primary manufacturers increased 1 percent to 301 million cubic feet. Almost all plant residues were used primarily for fuel and fiber products. Saw logs were the leading roundwood product at398 million cubic feet; pulpwood ranked second at 332 million cubic feet; veneer logs were third at 66 million cubic feet. The number of primary processing plants declined from 322 in 1994 to 320 in 1995. Total receipts declined 4 percent to under 743 million cubic feet.

Keywords: Pulpwood, residues, roundwood, saw logs, veneer logs, wood movement.

Johnson, T.G., A. Jenkins, D.P. Stratton, and P.S. Bischoff. 1997. South Carolina's timber industry - an assessment of timber product output and use, 1995. Resour. Bull. SRS-16. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Station. 31 p.

ABSTRACT: In 1995, roundwood output from South Carolina's forests totaled 622 million cubic feet, 5 percent less than in 1994. Mill byproducts generated from primary manufacturers declined 4 percent to 203 million cubic feet. Almost all plant residues were used primarily for fuel and fiber products. Pulpwood was the leading roundwood product at320 million cubic feet; saw logs ranked second at 247 million cubic feet; veneer logs were third at 50 million cubic feet. The number of primary processing plants declined from 105 in 1994 to 99 in 1995. Total receipts declined 5 percent to about 619 million cubic feet.

Keywords: Pulpwood, residues, roundwood, saw logs, veneer logs, wood movement.

Johnson, T.G., A. Jenkins, J.A. Sciivani, and J.M. Foreman. 1997. Virginia's timber industry-an assessment of timber product output and use, 1995. Resour. Bull. SRS-19. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 37 p.

ABSTRACT: In 1995, roundwood output from Virginia's forests totaled more than 455 million cubic feet, 4 percent more than in 1992. Mill byproducts generated from primary manufacturers increased 3 percent to 167 million cubic feet. Almost 97 percent of the residues were used primarily for fuel and fiber products. Saw logs were the leading roundwood product at 213 million cubic feet; pulpwood ranked second at 201 million cubic feet; composite panels were third at 21 million cubic feet. The number of primary processing plants declined from 311 in 1992 to 289 in 1995. Total receipts increased 3percent to almost 485 million cubic feet.

Keywords: Pulpwood, residues, roundwood, saw logs, veneer logs, wood movement.

Leatherberry, E.C. 1993. Using forest Inventory data to assess use restrictions on private timberland in Illinois. Resour. Bull. NC- 149. St. Paul. MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 6 p.

ABSTRACT: Illustrates the kinds of information that can be generated from forest resource inventory data about access restrictions on private timberland.

Keywords: Private land, public access, use restrictions.

London, J.D. 1997. Forest Statistics for Arkansas Counties - 1995. Resour. Bull. SRS- 017. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 57p.

ABSTRACT: This report contains the statistical tables and figures derived from data obtained during the 1995 inventory of Arkansas. The multi-resource inventory included 75 counties and five survey regions (fig. 1). Data was collected during the period of June1994 through October 1996.

Keywords: Arkansas, inventory, forest, survey.

McKeever, T. and H. Spelter. 1998. Wood-Based panel plant locations and timber availability in selected U.S. States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. General Technical Report. FPL-GTR-103: 5 p.

ABSTRACT: This report lists wood-based panel industry plant locations, production capacities, timber inventories, and wood costs for 24 U.S. states. Industry sectors covered include medium-density fiberboard, particle board, softwood plywood, and oriented strandboard. Maps of major forest producing states show plant locations and the underlying density of timber stocking by county. The study relates physical measures of timber availability to market measures of timber scarcity and draws inferences about the potential of selected states to increase timber output at their present rate of forest productivity.

Keywords: Oriented strandboard, plywood, particle board, medium-density fiberboard, capacity.

Northeastern area forest health report. 1992. Northeastern Area, NA-TP-03-93. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 57 p.

ABSTRACT: The National Forest Health Monitoring Program is focusing on assessing the condition of our nation's forests in response to the interests and concerns of the American people. As a part of the program, this report was produced in an effort to present information about forest condition and forest stressors (insects, pathogens, weather, fire, and air quality) with respect to major forest types. This document provides an historical perspective on the influence of the various forest stressors and assesses recent impact, through 1991, on the forests within the 20 States that comprise the Northeastern Area of the USDA Forest Service. Through these annual reports, we hope to be able to
identify factors that may be affecting forest condition within this area.

Keywords: forest health, Northeastern, Missouri, forest type.

Pacheco, G., R.C. Abt, and F.W. Cubbage. 1996. South-wide timber supply projection and assessment. Paper presented at the 1996 Southern Forest Economics Workshop. Gatlinburg, Tennessee. March 27-29. 93-109 pp.

ABSTRACT: Results from a South-wide timber supply projection to the year 2020 are examined and compared against national projections. Using the latest FIA survey unit data for the South (excluding Kentucky and public ownerships) individual state inventories were updated to 1994 as a common starting point for the projection. Only private ownerships were considered in the model. Softwood prices are projected to increase seven times and hardwood prices over two and a half times over the projection period. The largest projected price increases for softwoods occur during the decade 2010 to2020. Inventory of softwoods is projected to decrease by 30 percent relative to the starting year, and hardwoods to increase only slightly by 2 percent South-wide softwoods growth to removal ratio is expected to decline from 0.94 to 0.71, and from 1.36 to 0.87 for hardwoods. Price projections are sensitive to growth per acre assumptions. The results in this paper are conservative in that they assume constant productivity levels in planted pine forest types.

Keywords: private ownership, timber supply, FIA survey, growth to removal, price.

Piva, R.J. 1994. Pulpwood production in the North-Central Region, 1993. Resour. Bull. NC-160. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central forest experiment Station. 39p.

ABSTRACT: Lake States pulpwood production increased to 9.4 million cords in 1993. Central States pulpwood production decreased by 19 percent - from 356 thousand cords in 1992 to 288 thousand cords in 1993. Plains States pulpwood production was 114 thousand cords. Pulpwood production is shown by county and species group for Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.

Keywords: pulpwood, Missouri, cords North Central.

Rosson, J.F., Jr. 1992. The woody biomass resource of major tree taxa for the Midsouth States. Resour. Bull. SO-166. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 52 p.

ABSTRACT: Fresh and dry biomass estimates of major trees in seven Midsouth States by forest type, ownership, species, stand basal area, tree class, diameter, and height are tabulated. Information is presented for total tree, hole, and crown components.

Keywords: Forest inventory, forest land, green weight, large-scale sample, regional inventory.

Spencer, J.S., Jr., S.M. Roussopoulos, and R.A. Massengale. 1992. Missouri's forest resource, 1989: an analysis. Resour. Bull. NC- 139. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 84 p.

ABSTRACT: In 1989 the fourth Missouri forest inventory found 14.0 million acres of forest land, of which 13.4 million acres (96 percent) is timberland. Growing-stock volume increased from 6.5 to 9.0 billion cubic feet between 1972 and 1989. Analysis and statistics on forest area, timber volume, growth, removals, mortality, and projections are presented.

Keywords: area, volume, growth, removals, mortality.

Stratton, D.P., M. Howell, and R. Romedy. 1998. Mississippi's timber industry-an assessment of timber product output and use, 1995. Resour. Bull. SRS-29.Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 23 p.

ABSTRACT: In 1995, roundwood output from Mississippi's forests totaled 1.0 billion cubic feet. Mill byproducts generated from primary manufacturers was 357 million cubic feet. Almost all plant residue was used primarily for fuel and fiber products. Saw logs were the leading roundwood product at 493 million cubic feet; pulpwood ranked second at 454 million cubic feet; veneer logs were third at 63 million cubic feet. There were 105 primary processing plants operating in Mississippi in 1995. Receipts totaled 878 million cubic feet.

Keywords: Pulpwood residues, roundwood saw logs, veneer logs, wood movement.

Vissage, J.S.,and K.L. Duncan. 1990. Forest Statistics for Tennessee Counties-1989. Resource Bull. SO-148. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 72 p.

ABSTRACT: Tabulates forest resource information from a new inventory of the counties of Tennessee.

Keywords: Area, volume, forest type, stand size, ownership.

Willits, S., R.J. Barbour, et. al. 1996. The Colville study: wood utilization for
ecosystem management-Preliminary results of study of product potential from small-diameter stands. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-559. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 11p.

ABSTRACT: The Colville Study was developed in 1994 to identify and evaluate a series of management options for achieving ecosystem objectives in dense stands of small-diameter trees while also producing wood products. The Colville National Forest selected the Rocky II Timber Sale as an example of this type of stand that needed management to achieve the following goals: (1) create late successional forest structure, (2) decrease forest health risk from fire, insects, and disease, (3) improve wildlife habitat by providing large green trees and snags, and (4) improve stand aesthetics by decreasing stand density.
The Colville Study was divided into four technical focus areas: Silviculture and Ecology, Forest Operations, Timber Conversion, and Economics. Results of each technical focus area indicate that (1) vegetative management activities are necessary to achieve the ecosystem goals, (2) there are alternative harvesting systems for removing the timber in an ecologically sound manner but costs need to be considered, (3) both species and material size are important in the recovery of wood products, and (4) financial analysis needs to incorporate all of these factors and many more to effectively evaluate the relative merchantability of different types of treatments.

Keywords: ecosystem, small-diameter, products, ecology, Silviculture.

MARKETS / ECONOMICS

Araman, P.A. 1987. Eastern United States hardwood sawtimber resources and export potential. In: Proceedings of SOFEW/MWFE Joint Annual Meeting. Asheville, N.C.

ABSTRACT: To look at the export potential of the Eastern hardwood sawtimber resources, including the Southern and Northern regions, hardwood resource data were compiled from USDA Forest Service state resource evaluation reports on a set of select export species. The species are the select oaks, yellow birch, hard maple, black walnut, black cherry, and the ashes. These species were chosen on the basis of their importance to the export market. Resource data are presented on standing hardwood sawtimber (inventory, growth, and removals) of the select export species, and on all hardwood sawtimber. Estimates of standing sawtimber for 1985 are presented along with projections for 1990,1995, and 2000 for the Eastern United States and the Northern and Southern regions.
The relative export potential of the hardwood resources by state was determined by the Preferred Available eXport species (PAX) ranking system. In this system, we first order the first 25 states by total quantity of select export species. Next, we evaluate these 25 states with an Export Index formula. The formula uses data on the quantity and quality of the standing sawtimber in the select export species. A premium is placed on select oak sawtimber because about two-thirds of the hardwood product exports are oak. A premium also is placed on grade 1 log sawtimber material because many of these logs are exportable; and if processed in the United States, they contain sizeable amounts of exportable high-grade lumber or veneer. The PAX rankings are presented for the top 25 states in eight groupings. Note that other factors could be considered that could change these results.

Keywords: Hardwood exports, sawtimber resources, select hardwood species, sawtimber quality

Busby, R.L., and R.A. Kluender. 1993. Management costs associated with various reproduction cutting methods. In: Baker, James B., ed. Proceedings of the Symposium on Ecosystem Management Research in the Ouachita Mountains: Pretreatment and Preliminary Findings, Hot Springs, AR, October 26-27, 1993. 253-254.

ABSTRACT: Management-cost data were gathered for various reproduction cutting methods as part of the ecosystem management research in the Ouachita Mountains. Costs were gathered on both traditional and nontraditional reproduction cutting strategies in an attempt to determine the cost-effectiveness of each management strategy and to estimate the resource requirements for wide-scale implementation of each method. Preliminary results indicate that sale preparation costs are higher for low volume-per-acre cutting methods.

Keywords: management, cost, preparation.

Bush R.J., and P.A. Araman. 1991. A comparison of market needs to the species and quality composition of the eastern hardwood resource. Proceedings: Society of American Foresters National Convention. San Francisco, California.

ABSTRACT: Many markets for hardwood lumber have experienced growth in recent years. Eastern and Central hardwood lumber production reached an estimated 11.2 billion board feet in 1988, a twenty year high. Wood furniture, flooring, and exports have also experienced growth in the last ten years. During the same period, annual growth on eastern hardwood forests has exceeded annual removals. However, species and grade compositions do not match demand. These differences can affect timber harvest and the availability of raw material.

Keywords: Hardwood, exports, sawtimber quality, log grade, annual growth.

Idassi, J., J. Huarachi, P. Winistorfer, and B. English. 1998. Economic impacts of the forestry and forest products industries on the Tennessee economy. Tennessee Forest Products Center. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. Report no. 5.
http://web.utk.edu/~tfpc/ 10p.

ABSTRACT: An impact analysis to examine the relative importance of the forestry related sectors to the overall Tennessee economy, utilizing the IMPLAN database and model, was conducted. The 1994 data used for this study were the most recent available. The Tennessee input-output economic model results indicated the Tennessee forest products industry directly employed 69,811 people and paid about $2.3 billion in wages in 1994. The industry generated directly an industry output of about $9.1 billion, and value-added totaled over $3.9 billion. When the forestry sector of the Tennessee economy produces products or services to meet demand, the overall State economy is affected in three ways: directly, indirectly and with induced effects. The total effect on the state economy is the sum of these three separate effects. Therefore, in 1994, relative to other Tennessee industries, the total effect of the forest products sector was 162,886 jobs, over $3.5 billion in wages and salaries, $15.5 billion of industrial output, and over $ 7.5 billion of value-added.

Keywords: value-added, Tennessee forest products industries, economy.

Kluender, R A., D.A. Lortz, and B.J. Stokes. 1993. Production time, total costs and residual damage at varying harvest intensities. In: Baker, James B., ed. Proceedings of the Symposium on Ecosystem Management Research in the Ouachita Mountains: Pretreatment and Preliminary Findings, Hot Springs, AR, October 26-27, 1993. 229-240.

ABSTRACT: Six stands were harvested by either clearcut, shelterwood, or single-tree selection methods. Harvest productivity was evaluated in 2 consecutive years (1991 and 1992) for each harvesting method. The single-tree selection harvests consisted of thinnings in even-aged stands as an initial basal area reduction cut required to convert the stand to uneven-aged structure. Harvest intensity (percentage of basal area removed) ranged from 31 to 100.
The same contractor used two skidders (one grapple, one choker) and production chain saws to harvest all six tracts. Harvested sites were similar in slope, average diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)and preharvest number of stems by d.b.h.
In 1991, total felling time (including walk, acquire, fell, and limb-top times) was inversely related to harvesting intensity. In 1992, total felling time averaged highest under the single-tree selection method and lowest under the shelterwood method. When these averages were adjusted for differences in stand characteristics, the inverse relationship between total time and percentage of basal area removed at harvest (harvesting intensity) was present for both years.
In both years, total cycle time (including travel-empty, bunch-building, travel-loaded, and deck times) was higher, and volume per cycle was lower for the cable skidders than for the grapple skidders. After adjusting for differences between stands, total cycle time was inversely related to harvest intensity.
Factors affecting total felling time (in decreasing order of importance) were d.b.h. of harvested stems, distance between trees, and harvest intensity. Factors affecting total cycle time for skidding (in decreasing order of importance) were travel distance, skidders type, number of stems per cycle, harvest intensity, and volume per cycle.
The total percentage of stand area trafficked was lowest for the single-tree stands. The single-tree selection method (in 1992) had the largest and only significant increase in bulk density in the skid trails. Residual tree damage (trees/acre) was greater for the single-tree selection method than the shelterwood method.

Keywords: single-tree harvest, residual tree, shelterwood, clearcut, skidders, damage, cost.

Kluender, R., D. Lortz, W. McCoy, B. Stokes, and J. Klepac. 1995. Harvesting profitability variability by removal intensity and trees size. Proceedings: Council on Forest Engineering; 18th Annual Meeting. Cashiers, North Carolina. June 5-8. 173-186 pp.

ABSTRACT: Sixteen stands were Harvested at intensities (proportion of basal area removed) ranging from 0.27 to 1.00. Logging contractors used chain saws and rubber tired skidders. Harvested sites were similar in slope and tree size.
Harvest time per tree was inversely related to harvest intensity and directly related to tree size. Factors affecting total skidding time were skidding distance, skidders type, harvest intensity, load volume and number of stems.
Harvesting profitability per 100 cubic feet was near zero when removing trees averaging less than eight inches DBH. Harvest intensity had the greatest influence on profitability in small diameter timber. Harvest profitability was greatest when removing large trees at high levels of harvesting intensity.

Key Words: Harvest costs, productivity, profit, harvest modeling, economics.

Overdevest, C. and G.P. Green. 1994. Forest dependence and community well-being: a segmented market approach. Society and Natural Resources. 8:111-113.

ABSTRACT: Forestry activities, such as timber production and processing, are important economic activities in many rural communities. Yet the research on the relationship between forest dependence and community economic well-being is inconclusive. This article examines the relationship between forest dependence and county per capita income and poverty in rural Georgia. Forest dependence is conceptualized according to Averitt's theory of the dual economy. Core dependence, in other words dependence on well-capitalized pulp and paper firms, is expected to affect county-level economic well-being differently than dependence on periphery forest industry or high timberland concentrations. Regression analyses show that core forest industries are positively related to county per capita income, while periphery industries have no significant effect and timberland concentration is negatively related to per capita income and positively related to the poverty rate.

Keywords: core, dual economy, periphery, rural development, uneven development.

Phelps, J.E., and R.C. Smith. 1985. Wood-using industries: their contribution to the Missouri economy. School of forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife. University of Missouri-Columbia. EC-956. 19p.

ABSTRACT: A total of 1,896 firms processed Missouri-grown and harvested timber in 1983. They employed 20,927 persons and paid wages of $253 million. They purchased wood raw materials that cost $355 million and other goods and services for $406 million. The products they sold were valued at $1,343 million and the total value added by processing was $582 million.
The paper products sector, which uses pulp and paper produced in other states, included 143 firms that employed 12,300 people and paid wages of $230 million in 1982. Paper processors bought goods and services valued at $869 million and their products sold for $1,551 million. Value added was $680 million.
If a portion of other related activities, such as construction, transportation, and marketing, are considered in terms of value added, timber-based activity in Missouri in 1983 is valued at an estimated $1.8 billion.
In total in 1983, 2,000 firms with 33,000 employees who earned $483 million in wages produced goods valued at almost $3 billion.

Keywords: value added, economics, Missouri, employees, wages, services.

Wiedenbeck, J.K. and P.A. Araman. 1993. Possible demands for eastern hardwoods resulting from harvest restrictions in the Pacific Northwest. Forest Products Journal.
43(10): 51-57.

ABSTRACT: Efforts to conserve the habitat of the northern spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest have placed softwood timber supplies under a great deal of pressure and driven up the price of softwood lumber. Hardwoods could meet some of the demand for products that have previously been manufactured from softwood species. Hardwood structural lumber may soon become an economically feasible alternative to softwood lumber. Oriented strand board is likely to gain a greater share of the structural panel market. Opportunities also exist for treated hardwood lumber and treated hardwood shakes and shingles. Hard-woods might also be used to make increasing proportions of many secondary wood products such as moulding, millwork, and flooring.

Keywords: Pacific Northwest, hardwoods, oriented strand board, lumber.

PUBLIC / SOCIAL ATTITUDES

Bliss, J.C., S.K. Nepal, R.T. Brooks, and M.D. Larsen. 1994. Forestry community or granfalloon. Journal of Forestry. 92(9): 6-10.

ABSTRACT: Are forest owners members of the forestry community, or is the community a granfalloon? Insofar as they control so much of the nation's forest resources, forest owners certainly "belong" to the forestry community. However, in their forestry knowledge and opinions they mirror the general public. The lines between forestry "advocates" and "adversaries" are far less distinct than may be commonly assumed and apparently do not depend on forest ownership.
Our Tennessee Valley region results are consistent with those found in two previous Alabama surveys (Bliss 1993a, 1993 b) and with results of recent research in Pennsylvania (Luloff et al. 1993). Perceived environmental effects are the litmus test of public approval in forestry issues. Environmental concerns temper views toward forestry practices, private property rights, and forest-based economic development. Most forest owners and non-owners desire a balance between property rights and environmental regulations, which ensures environmental protection.
When and where forestry is perceived to be environmentally friendly, it will enjoy public support. Opposition to individual forest practices is due, in part, to lack of knowledge about forests and their management. The public knows little about forestry, and it doesn't like what it doesn't know. Continuing to concentrate on education efforts on forest owners alone will do little to improve the acceptance of forest management by the American public.

Keywords: public, forestry, forest owners, community, Tennessee Valley, education.

Bliss, J.C., S.K. Nepal, R.T. Brooks, and M.D. Larsen. 1997. In the mainstream: environmental attitudes of mid-south forest owners. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 21(1):37-43.

ABSTRACT: A 1992 telephone survey of households in seven mid-South states provided data for comparing the opinions of NIPF owners with those of the general public. Topics explored included traditional forest management practices, governmental regulation of tree cutting to protect environmental values, and trade-offs between environmental protection, private property rights, and economic development. In each of these areas the views of NIPF owners were found not to differ significantly from those of the general public. A wide spread desire for environmental protection tempers views toward forest practices, forest-based economic development, and private property rights. The relationships between NIPF owners' demographic characteristics, ownership activities, and opinions were explored. Study results challenged common assumptions about NIPF owners, questioned the effectiveness of existing forestry education efforts, and argue for a stronger, more explicitly environmental orientation in all forestry activities.

Keywords: public, forestry, forest owners, NIPF, environment, education, economic.

Campbell, S.M., and D.B. Kittredge. 1996. Ecosystem-based management on multiple NIPF ownerships. Journal of Forestry. 94(2):24-29.

ABSTRACT: Both professional foresters and the general public are increasing interested in an ecosystem-based approach to forest management. This emerging interest raises the question of how such an approach might apply in a landscape that is dominated by numerous nonindustrial private forest (NIPF)ownerships. This article reports on the results of a pilot study of a voluntary incentive-based program in one town in western Massachusetts.
The chief criterion of success in the short term will be the number of neighborhoods landowners, acres and natural resource consultants involved; and whether a change in awareness or understanding of options has occurred. In the nine months since the programs inception, two Stewardship Neighborhoods have begun that involve eight landowner families, 457 contiguous acres, and three private consultants. The cost sharing incentive to develop voluntary opportunities for collaboration imposes no obligations, nor does it remove any landowner rights. We believe this approach of combining education, information, and incentives should be investigated as we attempt to encourage management of forested ecosystems in a landscape dominated by NIPF ownerships.

Keywords: Nonindustrial private landowner, NIPF, cost share, incentive, ecosystem, forest management.

English, B.C., C.D. Bell, G.R. Wells, and R.K. Roberts. 1997. Stewardship incentives in forestry: Participation factors in Tennessee. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 21(1): 5-10.

ABSTRACT: The likely effect of cost-share incentives on participation in Tennessee's Forest Stewardship Program was estimated and contributing factors were identified. Surveys were mailed to 4,000 nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners, and a logit model was developed to examine economic, physical, and behavior factors which affect the landowner participation decision. Data collected indicates the majority of landowners are concerned with water quality and wildlife habitat in addition to timber enhancements. Model results indicate that attitudes, experience, and knowledge of forestry programs may outweigh monetary incentives (50, 65, and 75% cost share) in the participation decision.

Keywords: Cost-share, Tennessee, forest stewardship, incentives, nonindustrial private forest landowners ( NIPF ).

Gramann, J.H. and Rudis, V.A. 1993. Effects of Hardwood retention, season of year, and landform on the perceived scenic beauty of forest plots in the Ouachita Mountains. Paper presented at the Symposium on Ecosystem Management Research in the Ouachita Mountains: Pretreatment Conditions and Preliminary Findings. Hot Springs, AR. October 26-27, 1993. 223-227 pp.

ABSTRACT: Results from a study of the within-stand visual effects of alternative reproduction cutting methods on 20 experimental plots in the Ouachita National Forest are presented. Treatments varied in their level of hardwood retention from complete suppression of hardwoods to retention of 30 ft2/acre of basal area. Using color transparency film, plots were photo-sampled two growing seasons after treatments were imposed. The color slides were rated for their scenic beauty by students at Texas A&M University. Results showed that perceived scenic beauty increased with the level of hardwood retention and that summer, fall, and spring views were preferred over those taken during the winter. Ridgetop plots on north-facing slopes were rated as significantly more scenic thin plots on gentle-slope north-facing positions.

Keywords: Scenic, Ouachita National Forest, hardwood, reproduction cutting.

Harrison, B., D.H. Newman, and G. Macheski. 1997. The Georgia public and its forest: Attitudes and knowledge regarding forest resource use. (Yet unpublished).

ABSTRACT: Survey of the Georgia public. The results show that the general public has a fairly positive image of people within and associated with the forest products industry. A majority also have a knowledge of and give support for more forest management practices than we had anticipated. Although this study points to some possible areas that should be addressed by those in forest industry, it appears that those employed in the forestry sector have begun to realize that informing and involving the public is necessary not only for good public relations and improved community cooperation, but also for the long term maintenance of their ability to mange.

Keywords: survey, Georgia, public, forest industry.

Herrick, T.A., and V.A. Rudis. 1993. Visitor preference for forest scenery in the Ouachita National Forest. In: Baker, James B., ed. Proceedings of the Symposium on Ecosystem Management Research in the Ouachita Mountains: Pretreatment and Preliminary Findings, Hot Springs, AR, October 26-27, 1993. 103-116

ABSTRACT: The majority of forest visitors interviewed between June through October 1991 and April through October 1992 preferred forest scenery that was "undisturbed", contained a "variety of natural features", or was associated with "natural" or "beauty" descriptions. Few respondents preferred "younger tree species with open areas." Results suggest that undisturbed conditions are important along with vegetation management to support a variety of natural features. Slight differences are noted when examining preferences by respondents' sex, age class, education level, principal recreation activity, month visited, and sites where interviewed. The order of questions appeared to affect the respondents' forest scenery descriptions. Interviews were conducted as part of an onsite survey involving a larger recreation-user study (CUSTOMER survey) for sites among four USDA Forest Service Ouachita National Forest ranger districts. Recommendations are made for using CUSTOMER survey data in future forest scenery preference research.

Keywords: visitor interviews, forest scenery, natural, beauty, survey.

Overdevest, C., D.B.K. English. 1993. Understanding people and natural resource relationships: Ouachita National Forest timber purchasers and changing timber harvest policy. In: Baker, James B., ed. Proceedings of the Symposium on Ecosystem Management Research in the Ouachita Mountains: Pretreatment and Preliminary Findings, Hot Springs, AR, October 26-27, 1993. 241-252.

ABSTRACT: Seventeen woods workers addressed the Ouachita National Forest's 1967 shift from uneven-aged management to even-aged management and the 1988-89 shift to uneven-aged management of the forest. Respondents' unique views, values, and stakes are heard, and emergent similarities and differences among them are analyzed in a qualitative study. While a majority of 17 participants criticized the Ouachita National Forest's recent transition to uneven-aged management other study participants lauded the Ouachita National Forest's move to uneven-aged management. In the following pages, the variety of ways in which the woods workers perceived and valued the use and management of timber is reported. Studying perceptions and values regarding timber management aids us in generating a better understanding of people and natural resource relationships.

Keywords: Harvest method, even-aged management, uneven-aged management, ecosystem management, loggers, natural resource, people, views, values.

Rudis, V.A., J.H. Gramann, and T.A. Herrick. 1993. Esthetics evaluation. In: Baker, James B., ed. Proceedings of the Symposium on Ecosystem Management Research in the Ouachita Mountains: Pretreatment and Preliminary Findings, Hot Springs, AR, October 26-27, 1993. 202-211.

ABSTRACT: An analysis of summer visual attributes and an overview of ongoing scenic quality research within selected shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.)
-hardwood stands in the Ouachita and Ozark National forests are presented. Within-stand visual attributes were reported prior to even-aged stand-level (Phase 11) treatment for twelve 40-acre stands in the north, east, and south regions and for plot-level (pre-Phase 1) visual attributes for twenty 0.5-acre plots examined two growing seasons after disturbance. No differences in visual attributes before treatment were apparent between 0.0 to 2.8 feet and 2.9 to 5.5 feet aboveground. From the stand-level study, there were no significant differences among regions but there were significant differences among stands and sample points. The plot-level study, a randomized complete block design with four blocks or landform positions and uneven-aged treatments, revealed differences by distance zone above ground for disturbed plots. Greater foliage and twig screening and reduced visual penetration in lower zone views were associated with increased overstory removal. Visual penetration was lower and foliage and twig screening was higher in low elevation landform positions compared with high elevation landform positions. Insight from both studies suggests that a significant difference between viewing zones in summer may be suitable as an index of recent stand disturbance.

Keywords: landform, visual attributes, scenic quality, pine-hardwood.

Weber, L.J. 1991. The social responsibility of land ownership: Ethics and profit gain new definitions. Journal of Forestry. 89(4): 12-15, 17, 25.

ABSTRACT: Following a review of the influences on how we make decisions of land use, the author suggest that we might want to make use of the evolving concept of social responsibility (within a framework of an emphasis on basic human rights) and that we might want to use it in a way that begins to bring elements of a new social value system right into the heart of contemporary discussion of economic policy and land use policy. The concept might allow us to move away from the emphasis on individual rights toward an emphasis on the common good without having to invent a whole new ethical vocabulary for the American Public.

Keywords: private ownership, social responsibility, society, stewardship.

Williams, R.A. and R.A. Kluender. 1997. Perspective of Arkansas' Non-industrial private forest land owners concerning their forested property. (Unpublished)

ABSTRACT: Today's non-industrial private forest (WF) owners must deal with a variety of problems and issues that were uncommon just a few years ago. Management issues, such as best management practices and private property rights; environmental issues, such as endangered species and land stewardship; and economic issues, such as capital gains tax, forestry incentive programs, and property tax must be considered if the overall operation is to be successful and survive.
To find out what Arkansas' NIPF owners think about these and other issues, personnel from the Arkansas Forest Resources Center and the University of Arkansas at Monticello and Fayetteville conducted a survey. The study was separated into a series of focus groups and a mail survey. The focus groups were made up of non-industrial private forest owners from four counties in Arkansas. The mail survey included the same four counties and eight additional counties. All of the counties used in the study were randomly selected and represented all parts of the state.
The focus group participants identified several major areas of concern to NIPF owners. These concerns included timber theft, trash dumping and improper payments for timber sold from their lands. Regional differences were observed in the use and knowledge regarding management practices, incentive programs and environmental concerns.
The survey results echoed the same theme of property rights as all participants believed they had a right to use their land in any fashion. However, most of the participants were not aware of the Endangered Species Act or Clean Water Act as it applies to private landowners. Finally, most participants considered themselves middle-ground environmentalists. They defined the term to mean land stewards who have concerns for the environment but are able to use the natural resources present on their lands. The information obtained during this study provide many insights into the behavior and attitudes of NIPF owners throughout Arkansas. The study has set in motion a series of landowner workshops that have been attended by over 500 participants.

Keywords: Non-industrial private forest (NIPF), survey, Arkansas.

Williams, R.A., D.E. Voth, and C. Hitt. 1996. Arkansas' NIPF landowners' opinions and attitudes regarding management and use of forested property. In: Symposium on Nonindustrial Private Forests: Learning from the Past, Prospects for the Future. February 18-20, 1996. Washington, D.C. USA. 230-237.

ABSTRACT: The focus group sessions provided good insight into the NIPF owners of Arkansas. Regional differences were identified as to land use preference and use of incentive programs. The Delta and Southwest regions were interested in growing and selling trees. They also used incentive programs to help them establish and grow their trees. The Ouachita and Ozark regions preferred grazing and recreation uses on their forest-lands. All participants felt that they were land stewards who used their land resources tempered with environmental sensitivity. Furthermore, they do not want land use regulations restricting activities on their lands. Some major concerns listed by all participants included trespassing, trash dumping, and timber theft. This NIPF owner study might be useful for developing landowner educational and extension programs and future research efforts that could better address the concerns and interests of Arkansas NIPF owners.

Keywords: Non-industrial private forest (NIPF), survey, Arkansas, stewardship.

Williams, R.A., T.L. Walkingstick, D.E. Voth, J. Earl, and C.P. Hitt. A characterization of the Non-industrial private forest landowners of Arkansas. (Not yet published)

ABSTRACT: The results reported here are based upon a mail survey that was sent to 2,400 forest landowners in a random sample of 12 Arkansas counties. Using standard procedures for mailed surveys, using a questionnaire that was designed from the previous one and from input received at four focus groups held in the four regions of Arkansas. Nearly 870 usable questionnaires were returned. Non-industrial private forest landowners held a high regard for being good stewards of the land, liked the rural environment and wanted to provide wildlife habitat. About half of the respondents have sold trees in the past and fewer than half plan to sell sometime in the future. The Coastal Plain region had the most owners who sell trees and manage their forest lands while the Ozark region had more landowners who owned forest lands for reasons other than income from their trees.

Keywords: survey, Arkansas, NIPF, Ozark region, forest.

Wolfe, K.L. and G. Chambers. 1995. Wooded landowner study. Southwest Missouri Resource Conservation and Development, INC. Prepared by: The Gallup Organization, Princeton, New Jersey. 27p.

ABSTRACT: The Gallup Organization (Gallup) has been commissioned by the Southwest Missouri Resource Conservation and Development, Inc. (Southwest Missouri RCD) to determine attitudes among landowners in terms of the primary reasons for owning their land, services used for their land, as well as what differences if any exist among landowners in lake counties and non-lake counties. Following are some interesting highlights of the study.
· Over four out of five (82 %) landowners viewed "beauty or nature appreciation" as being a somewhat or very important reason to own their wooded land.
· The primary activities respondents have performed on their land within the past ten years were planting trees, improving wildlife habitat, and cutting timber.
· More than one-third (37 %) of landowners intend to plant trees on their land, and almost two-thirds (65 %) of landowners stated that if provided with trees, they would plant them.
· Surprisingly over three out of five (61 %) landowners are completely unaware of any type of cost-share assistance. However, if cost-share assistance were available, nearly one-third of respondents would use it.
· Respondents tended to not seek out management advice or use any services. However, landowners who did use services ranked wildlife management assistance and forest
management practices as their most preferred services.
· Approximately one out of ten (11 %) landowners would be willing to pay for forest management services.

Keywords: management, landowner, survey, attitudes, cost-share.

RECREATION and TOURISM

Pona, J.S. 1996. 1996-2001 Missouri statewide comprehensive outdoor recreation plan (SCORP). Report to: Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of State Parks, March 13, 1996. The SYNERGY Group Marketeam Associates, Inc. 92p.

ABSTRACT: This report, part of Missouri's State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) for 1996-2001, reviews and analyzes information relating to state and nationwide outdoor recreation trends, and projects recreation needs for the State of Missouri through the year 2001.
The Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) is a federal requirement which historically has enabled states to receive and administer federal Land and Water Conservation Funds (LWCF). In addition to this specific purpose, Missouri has used the SCORP as a planning tool for state outdoor recreation programs.
In October, 1995, the Missouri Department of Natural Resources' Division of State parks, commissioned a consultant team to conduct research for the 1996-2001 Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) and report the results. Identified are 11 primary needs, which range from the expansion of facilities to the education of outdoor recreation users in land ethics.

Keywords: recreation, outdoor, Missouri Department of Natural Resources.

SILVICULTURE and HARVEST PRACTICES

Beck D.E. and R.M. Hooper. 1986. Development of a southern Appalachian hardwood stand after clearcutting. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 10(3): 168-172.

ABSTRACT: A mixed hardwood stand composed of 53% oak (Quercus spp.), 33% yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), and 14% other species, was clearcut in 1963. Twenty years later a developing, even-aged stand of predominantly sprout origin is dominated by yellow-poplar, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and sweet birch (Betula lenta L.). The oaks are a minor and decreasing component.
This and other studies suggest that clearcuts on good sites in the Southern Appalachians will be dominated by aggressive intolerant species-mainly yellow-poplar. If a larger oak component is desired, measures to ensure strong advance reproduction and lessen competition from prolific sprouters such as red maple will be necessary.

Keywords: mixed hardwood, Appalachians, oak, maple, yellow-poplar, birch, black locust.

Beck, D.E. 1991. The shelterwood method. A research perspective. In: Proceedings of the Genetics/Silviculture workshop. Wenatchee, Washington. 252-258.

ABSTRACT: The fundamental purpose of the shelterwood method is to get a new crop of trees established before the old one is completely removed. Stands created by shelterwood cutting are usually even-aged, but there are variants in which the stands have two age classes or have trees ranging over several decades in age. The number and intensity of cuts, interval between cuts , and treatment of the understory and forest floor can be varied to achieve a wide range of environmental effects in both space and time. It can also be used to create a wide range in visual effects.
The shelterwood is an extremely flexible method that can be used to solve a wide range of regeneration problems. Practically all the major species of this country are amenable to its use and many demand it. In fact, it may be at least a partial answer for some of the failures now being experienced when planting following clearcutting. Given the option of maintaining two-aged stands, it has the potential to incorporate esthetic, wildlife, and other management needs into a regeneration method for species that are intolerant or intermediate in tolerance. As should be very clear from the examples given in this paper, successful application depends onsite-specific prescriptions based on a thorough understanding of the ecological

characteristics and reproductive requirements of the desired and competing species.

KEYWORDS: shelterwood, reproduction, esthetic, wildlife.

Bey, C.F. 1964. Advanced oak reproduction grows fast after clearcutting. Journal of Forestry. 62(5): 339-340.

ABSTRACT: In the spring of 1936, two 1-acre oak-hickory plots were clearcut on the Shawnee National Forest in southern Illinois. Twenty-seven years later, the study plots were fully stocked with oaks, hickory, black walnut, and yellow-poplar trees, sapling size and larger. The trees grew rapidly and were straight stemmed. Most of the oak "seedlings" that developed after the cutting were sprouts from older root systems. Where desirable advance oak reproduction is present, clearcutting will result in a high percentage of rapid-growing, straight-stemmed oaks.

KEYWORDS: oak, hickory, black walnut, clearcut, Illinois, advanced reproduction

Bradshaw, F.J., 1992. Quantifying edge effect and patch size for multiple-use silviculture - a discussion paper. Forest Ecology and Management. 48: 249-264.

ABSTRACT: An argument is presented that the essential difference between even-aged and uneven-aged silviculture ties in the proportion of the patch that is influenced by edge effect. These edge effects may extend well beyond the normally accepted boundary between even-aged and uneven-aged stands. Examples are presented to show that there is not one static edge effect but many dynamic edge effects and that the differences between even-aged and uneven-aged stands are represented by a continuum rather than there being a distinct division between them. In the continuing debate on appropriate forest management practices, the differences between even-aged and uneven-aged silviculture have been oversimplified and are often represented in their extremes. In this paper it is argued that research to quantify the magnitude and the extent of these edge effects is necessary to provide the essential data to design patch sizes to meet specific multiple-use management objectives. The integration of these data would provide the basis for objective trade-offs between various forest values and for the objective evaluation of the long-term impact of different silvicultural practices.

Keywords: silviculture, even-aged, uneven-aged, patch, edge effects.

Della-Bianca, L., and D.E. Beck. 1985. Selection Management in Southern Appalachian Hardwoods. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 9(3): 191-196.

ABSTRACT: A woodland tract of southern Appalachian cove hardwoods and mixed oak has been managed under the selection system of silviculture since 1946. Simply cutting in all commercial diameter classes (i.e., 6.0 inches and larger), as was the practice during the first 24 years, failed to develop enough desirable saplings and poles to maintain the system. After 1970, herbicide treatment of undesirable, tolerant understory species in openings created by, removal of large trees or groups of trees has improved the status of desirable saplings. Although long-term costs of management and yields are uncertain, the study suggests that creation of larger openings and treatment of undesirable understory species offers at least a chance for success with the selection system in southern Appalachian hardwoods.

Keywords: Appalachian, hardwoods, silviculture, oak, selection, openings, herbicide, understory.

Gammon, A.D., V.J. Rudolph, and J.L. Arend. 1960. Regeneration following clearcutting of oak during a seed year. Journal of Forestry. 58: 711-715.

ABSTRACT: Red and White Oaks, (Quercus rubra L. and Q. alba L.), when growing on good sites, produce high quality hardwood timber. Because of the value of high quality oak, forest managers are interested in maintaining these species on sites capable of producing quality trees. However, on the better hardwood sites, oak reproduction is usually out-numbered by lighter-seeded species such as American elm (Ulmus americana L.), Sugar and red maples (Acer saccharum Marsh. and A. rubrum L.) and white ash (Fraxintus americana L.), as well as by less desirable species such as sassafras (Sassafras albidium (Nutt.) Nees), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), and witchhazel (Hamamelis virginiana L.).
A study was made of reproduction following clearcutting of an excellent 45-acre oak stand in 1950 in southern Michigan. The stand composition before cutting was primarily red and white oak, with lesser volumes of sugar maple, yellow-poplar, elm, white ash, and red maple. The reproduction was examined 2, 3, 5, and 7 years after logging.
Clearcutting of this oak stand has been followed by adequate reproduction to form a fully stocked new forest stand. However, the composition of the new stand bears little resemblance to that of the previous stand. The important species forming the new stand are white ash, sugar maple, American elm, black cherry and red maple, in that order. The small number of oaks now present occur in clumps of sprout origin, and their distribution in the stand is poor.
The clearcutting method has not resulted in obtaining adequate oak reproduction in the new stand on this area..
Keywords: Clearcutting, oak, maple, ash, hardwood.

Guldin, J.M. and J.D. Hodges. 1991. Uneven-aged silvicultural systems. The Consultant. Summer 1991. 10-12.

ABSTRACT: In the current wave of public concern about clearcutting, the selection method of uneven-aged silviculture has been consistently advocated as an alternative. Its advantages over clearcutting include improved cash flow, production of high-quality sawtimber and better aesthetics. As a result, many foresters with little or no education or experience in uneven-aged silviculture have been eagerly imposing the selection method in forest stands across the nation. However, in many cases the stands are really being managed by uninformed, mistaken or wishful intent rather than by strict attention to acknowledged uneven-aged standards. This paper presents guidelines for the application of uneven-aged silviculture. It provides a good comparison between uneven-aged and even-aged silviculture. It presents concerns that forest are being mismanaged as uneven-aged when in reality they are even-aged and inevitably it is the sustainability of the forest which will then suffer. This is a hidden dilemma, because the failure of selective cutting may not become apparent for several decades. Differences in interpretation of these guidelines among foresters may lead to debate about the importance of achieving these standards - which is encouraged. If systems that deviate--from these guidelines are proposed as uneven-aged, the proposers might do well to examine whether the deviations are not resulting from an effort to retain some semblance of even-agedness for convenience, operability or other non-silvicultural constraints. The ultimate failure of a poorly-grounded, uneven-aged system may not occur for several decades - by which time the future potential of the stand is irretrievably sacrificed. Foresters attempting to practice uneven-aged silviculture can check their prescriptions against these guidelines, and might want to consider adjusting their operations to ensure that the guidelines are achieved.

Keywords: Silviculture, even-aged, unevenaged, selection, selective.

Gullison, R.E. And J.J. Hardner. 1993. The effects of road design and harvest intensity on forest damage caused by selective logging: empirical results and a simulation model from the Bosqu Chimanes, Bolivia. Forest Ecology and Management. 59: 1-14.

ABSTRACT: The effects of road design and harvest intensity on forest damage caused by selective logging: empirical results and a simulation model from the Bosque Chi-manes, Bolivia. Selective harvesting in tropical forests has been shown to cause considerable damage to residual trees in stands that have relatively high densities of commercial trees. To complement existing studies, we measured forest damage caused by the selective harvesting of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla),a very low density species in the Bosque Chimanes, Bolivia. Secondary damage along main roads and skid trails accounted for most of the damage measured in the study site. Total damage was low (4.39% of the study area), but results from our simulation model suggested that damage could be decreased by up to 25% by requiring main roads and skid trails to be linear.
We used our simulation model to investigate the relationship between harvest intensity and forest damage. At low harvest intensities, most forest damage occurs from the construction of main roads. As harvest intensity increases, secondary damage from skid trails and tree felling comes to dominate forest damage. Overall, less damage will result to the forest for a given harvest volume if the harvest area is reduced and harvest intensity increased. Additional benefits to increasing harvest intensity are that re-entry into the logged site can be delayed, allowing the forest more time to recover, and regeneration of light-demanding species such as mahogany can be enhanced. The main impediment to increasing the harvest intensity in selective harvesting operations in Latin America is the lack of international markets for lesser known species, although there is some local and national demand.

Keywords: selection harvest, road, light, density, intensity.

Hannah, P., M. Kihn, and D. Kimmett. 1981. Some impacts of whole-tree harvesting under different silvicultural methods. Northern Logger. 29(11): 60-61 and 82-84.

Whole-tree harvesting is being used more widely to obtain wood fiber from our forests. In whole-tree harvesting the trees are felled with a chain saw or by mobile felling machines and hauled in-tact to a landing. At the landing saw logs can be removed and the remainder of the tree chipped and blown into trailer vans. Chips so derived are suitable for electric generation, for heating, or for manufactured products. Quality of chips for more exacting product requirements can be improved by removing bark, limbs and leaves before chipping.
Whole-tree harvesting involves removal of most of the above ground biomass from a forest site. This method of intensive forest harvesting raises concern about long-term soil nutrient status, soil compaction, soil erosion and water quality, and the long-term production potential of the site.
This papers primary emphasis is on the impacts to regeneration and the residual stand.

Keywords: residual stand, regeneration, whole-tree harvesting, fiber, chipped.

Hannah, P.R. 1987. Regeneration methods for Oaks. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 4(2): 97-101.

ABSTRACT: Oaks, one of the most abundant species groups in the eastern United States, are difficult to regenerate in the time, place, and abundance desired. Regeneration is hampered by insect damage to acorns, consumption of acorns by animals, and competition by other more shade tolerant vegetation. With animal populations managed at tolerable levels, adequate stocking of oak seedlings can be accomplished with most conventional regeneration methods. With the clearcut and seed-tree method the harvest must be timed with a good seed year. Oak stump sprouts will also contribute to the regeneration. The one-cut shelterwood method can work if there is adequate advanced regeneration. Two- or three-cut shelterwood should work well with about 60% crown cover in high shade or 60% stocking after the first cut. The group selection method should also be effective if regeneration is released from above once established. The key with all these methods is to control competing vegetation, keeping the oaks dominant and free to grow; oaks like plenty of light. Once oak is well established and about 5 ft high, any overwood should be carefully removed to minimize seedling damage. If desired for esthetic, wildlife, or economic purposes, a light canopy cover can be retained as a reserve shelterwood. Management of oak requires intensive silviculture; casual treatment of stands at long intervals will seldom result in good regeneration.

Keywords: regeneration, oak, clearcut, shelterwood, selection, seed-tree, silviculture, stocking.

Hawley, R.C. and A.W. Goodspeed.1932. Selection cuttings for the small forest owner. New Haven: Yale University. Yale University : School of Forestry. Bulletin No. 35.

ABSTRACT: A large part of the forest land in Connecticut is held in connection with farms or country homes. Such properties usually contain from a few to two or three hundred acres of woodland. While there are in the State solid blocks of forest, often covering several thousand acres, such extensive holdings are not considered in this publication. Large blocks of forest ultimately should go to the State to be incorporated within its forest system, or to the occasional landowner who desires a relatively large forest property.
The problem of the small forest landowner is here discussed. His wooded area is an essential part of the holding, either because it is interspersed among the arable fields or because it is needed to round out an otherwise irregular boundary or to give the desired setting for the homestead. In fact, unless he confines himself to house lots, the owner of rural property will find possession of forest land well-nigh unescapable. This situation is a distinct advantage of rural life, although it creates responsibility for intelligent use of forest areas. In the past, to the detriment of the owner's best interests, the forest has been too often totally neglected or improperly handled.
This bulletin, from 1932, makes a clear case for the small woodland owner to apply the selection system of timber harvest rather than clearcutting. This paper should make clear that the debate surrounding the appropriateness of silvicultural systems is not new, and in fact continues to this day.

Keywords: selection cutting, clearcutting, small woodland owner, silvicultural systems.

Johnson, Paul S. 1997. The silviculture of upland Central Hardwoods: 25 years of change. In: Meyer, Dan A., ed. Proceedings: 25th Annual Hardwood Symposium; 1997 May 7-10; Cashiers, NC. Memphis,TN: National Hardwood Lumber Association: 17-44.

ABSTRACT: The silviculture of upland central hardwoods has largely followed an ecological model based on the manipulation of existing natural vegetation and a reliance on natural regeneration, rather than on an agronomic model based on intensive culture and the introduction of new genotypes. On publicly owned and industrial lands, growing high quality sawtimber has been emphasized. Exploitive high grading has characterized timber harvesting on nonindustrial privately-owned forests. On well-managed forests, intermediate cuttings in even-aged stands have been widely used to improve stand quality and to accelerate growth of the residual stand. Enduring silvicultural tools include polymorphic site index curves, and stocking charts and equations. Abandoned or declining practices on public lands include clearcutting and autonomous silvicultural decisions by forest managers. Evolving or reemerging practices include uneven-aged silviculture using single-tree and group selection methods, shelterwood methods that incorporate artificial regeneration, and irregular shelterwood methods. Evolving silvicultural tools include predictive regeneration models, acorn production models, and prescriptions for prescribed burning for oak regeneration.

Keywords: regeneration, silviculture, upland central hardwood, even-aged, uneven-aged.

Johnson, P.S. 1993. Sources of oak reproduction. In: Loftis, David L.; McGee Charles E., eds. Symposium proceedings: Oak regeneration: serious problems, practical recommendations; 1992 September 8-1 0;Knoxville, TN. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-84. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 112-131.

ABSTRACT: There are three juvenile growth forms of oak that silviculturists commonly term "reproduction": (1) seedlings, (2) seedling sprouts, and (3) stump sprouts. A seedling is a form that has not experienced shoot dieback. Seedlings become seedling sprouts by surviving shoot dieback and resprouting one or more times. Seedling sprouts may persist and accumulate for decades in xeric forests and sometimes in mesic and hydric forests that are recurrently burned, grazed, or otherwise disturbed. Stump sprouts arise from the stumps of cut overstory trees after a thinning or final harvest and sometimes from the bases of fire-killed trees. When present before a silvicultural event such as clearcutting or shelterwood removal, all three growth forms are collectively called advance reproduction. The number, size, and spatial distribution of oak advance reproduction and the capacity of the parent stand (overstory) to produce oak stump sprouts can be used to assess a stand's oak regeneration potential, i.e., its capacity to occupy and dominate growing space at a specified time in the new stand. Because the population dynamics of oak reproduction vary greatly among species and different kinds of oak forests, this variation should be recognized in assessing stand regeneration potential.

Keywords: oak reproduction, seedlings, seedling sprout, stump sprout, xeric, mesic, silviculture, stand.

Larsen, D.R., M.A. Metzger, and P.S. Johnson. 1997. Oak rgenerations and overstory density in the Missouri Ozarks. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research. 27: 1-7.

ABSTRACT: Reducing overstory density is a commonly recommended method of increasing the regeneration potential of oak (Quercus) forests. However, recommendations seldom specify the probable increase in density or the size of reproduction associated with a given residual overstory density. This paper presents logistic regression models that describe this relation for a forest in the Ozark Highlands of Missouri that has been managed for 40 years by the single-tree selection system. In general, density of oak reproduction of a given size increases with decreasing residual stand basal area. However, the corresponding increase in the reproduction density at all levels of overstory density indicates low predictability of individual stands. The models nevertheless describe the average trend in the highly stochastic regeneration process. They also suggest that stand densities must be kept low (e.g., basal areas <14 m2 ha-1) to sustain the requisite recruitment of reproduction into the overstory under the single-tree selection method.

Keywords: overstory density, reproduction, Oak, regression model.

Larsen, D.R., Loewenstein, E.F., Johnson, P.S. 1999. Sustaining recruitment of oak reproduction in uneven-aged stands in the Ozark Highlands. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-203.St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station. 11 p.

ABSTRACT: Successful application of the single-tree selection system in Ozark oak forests depends on sustaining adequate recruitment of reproduction into the overstory. In turn, this requires maintaining stand density at ecologically appropriate levels. The ecological requirements for oak recruitment are discussed and guiding curves are presented that meet those requirements.

Keywords: Uneven-aged silviculture, stand structure, stand density, diameter distributions.

Loftis, D.L. 1982. Regenerating red oak on productive sites in the Southern Appalachians: a research approach. Proceedings: Second Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. Atlanta, Georgia. November 4-5. 144-150 pp.

ABSTRACT: Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stems in a favorable competitive position are usually absent from recently created even-aged stands, even where red oak was a prominent component of the previous stand. Past research indicates that lack of adequate advance reproduction is the problem on productive sites. A quantitative approach to develop predictive models of regeneration development is outlined. The objectives of this research are to provide:
(1) a method of predicting performance of advance reproduction after harvest, and (2) the silvicultural practices which will enhance the development of advance reproduction. Using this information, the manager would be able to maintain red oak as a component in these stands.

Keywords: Red Oak, even-aged stands, reproduction, regeneration, silviculture.

Martin, A.J. and D.M. Hix. 1988. Regeneration development in an upland hardwood stand following a Shelterwood harvest. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 5(1): 46-49.

ABSTRACT: In 1958, 85 permanent mil-acre plots were established in a 3.5-ac shelterwood harvest area to monitor regeneration over time. Individual seedlings were numbered with metal tags in this predominantly red oak stand in east-central Wisconsin. Findings, after 26 growing seasons, indicate a low proportion of red oak in the present stand (7.8% of the basal area, 3.6% of the stems). The predominant species is now eastern hophornbeam (iron-wood), although other species such as white ash and basswood are common. All of the present red oak became established after the initial regeneration counts. Height growth and survival rates were significantly higher for those stems taller than the mean seedling height in 1959.

Keywords: Red Oak, regeneration, shelterwood.

McDonald, T. and B. Stokes. 1997. Visual quality assessment of alternative silvicultural practices in upland hardwood management. Forest operations for sustainable forests and healthy economies; Proceedings: Council on Forest Engineering, 20th annual meeting: 165-169 pp.

ABSTRACT: Visual impacts of forest operations are of increasing concern to forest managers. Tools are available for evaluating, and potentially avoiding, problems in visual quality resulting from poorly designed harvest unit boundaries. One of these visualization tools is applied in comparing various harvest unit shape alternatives in an upland hardwood stand on steeply sloping ground. Visualization tools were found to be most suited to placing small leave strips within larger clearcuts for obscuring some areas from view and giving the impression of a series of smaller cutting units.
Keywords: visualization rendering, visual impacts, quality aesthetics.

McGee, C.E. 1987. Clearcutting in upland hardwoods: Panacea or anathema? Hay, R.L., F.W. Woods, and H.DeSelm, eds. In: Proceedings of the Central Hardwood Forest Conference 6. February 24-26. Knoxville, Tennessee. 21-29 pp.

ABSTRACT: Clearcutting, a silvicultural process described by Pinchot as "the easiest of them all to apply", is described within complex current economic, environmental, and social constraints. Economics is shown to be the major factor favoring the practice, but continued prescribed use is supported by biological, environmental, and ecological factors as well. The paper suggests that most resistance to clearcutting originates from visual and aesthetic concerns. Compromise in the use of clearcutting is foreseen as likely on some land holdings but with undesirable results if the ecological requirements of preferred species of plants and wildlife are not met.

Keywords: Multiple use, forest controversy, harvest cutting methods, regeneration methods.

McGee, C.E. 1982. Low-quality hardwood stands: Opportunities for management in the interior uplands. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. General Technical Report. SO-40: 22 p.

ABSTRACT: Low-quality hardwood stands present opportunity and challenge in the Interior Uplands. This guidebook discusses the primary causes of low-quality hardwood stands and offers management options for regenerating or improving these stands. Methods for evaluating stand and site potential are provided. A technique for comparing stands and prescribing treatment is also suggested.

Keywords: upland hardwoods, conversion, na